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Posted on July 24, 2012 by henry438

Anatomy and Physiology Blog — Discussions on Medical Issues, Diseases, Disorders and Social Concerns

If you are considering a future in the medical or health field it is important to have a firm grasp of anatomy and physiology. Basically, human anatomy is a science, part of biology and medicine that studies the structure of human beings. On the other hand, human physiology, also a part of biology and medicine, is the study of the function of the human system. The science of human anatomy and physiology can be traced back hundreds of years. These two courses go hand in hand and complement one another in the understanding of the human body.

There are various reasons to study anatomy and physiology. One reason is that it may be a part of your educational program or course. Also, studying about the human body and its functions may be necessary in order to advance your career. On the other hand, you might just be curious about the human body. Studying about human anatomy and physiology, whether it is due to personal or academic reasons can be quite intense but rewarding.

Bone Cells Grown From Skin Cells

Posted on May 8, 2013 by henry438

Bone cells grown from skin cells have been harvested at the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF). The procedure involved reverting adult skin cells into an embryonic – like condition. The cells were then injected with the patients stem cells that were capable of becoming any type of tissue, (pluripotent stem cells) . The researchers guided the cells to develop into bone producing cells which were then seeded on bone scaffolding for continuous growth. The structure was then placed in a bioreactor to nourish them until they grew to maturity.

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Potential Uses of Stem Cells

Researchers emphasized the significance of the procedure particularly in making bone tissue because of its’ complexities. The new bone is DNA specific to the patient and solves a lot of problems in immune rejection. This is a big step in making custom organs and tissues to a specific genetic profile.

While previous studies have demonstrated the potential of other cell sources to form bones, bone marrow stem cells, for example, can form bone and cartilaginous tissue but not the underlying vasculature and nerve compartments. Furthermore, bones derived from embryonic stem cells have the possibility of immune rejection.

This is the first study that has produced full functioning tissue from iPS cells rather then other types of stem cells. The researchers are excited and optimistic that further study will provide a promising treatment for their patients. Source — Tamarra Kemsley

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Gene Therapy For Heart Failure

Posted on April 30, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

The trend in medical research appears to be at the molcular level. Gene Therapy is becoming a focal point in treating many devastating diseases. This interest is particularly active in the UK with two major trials being started to determine if injecting DNA directing into heart tissue can effect the risk of HEART FAILURE. The video is a short introduction to the most common types of heart disease leading to failure.

Animation of Common Heart Problems

The UK Heart Foundation is interested in how gene therapy may effect heart failure. They are about to begin 2 trials involving direct injections of DNA into heart tissue.

“Heart failure affects more than three quarters of a million people across the UK. Once heart failure starts, it progresses into a vicious cycle where the pumping becomes weaker and weaker, as each heart cell simply cannot respond to the increased demand,” said Dr. Alexander Lyon, from Imperial College London and Consultant Cardiologist at the Royal Brompton Hospital. “Our goal is to fight back against heart failure by targeting and reversing some of the critical molecular changes arising in the heart when it fails.”

Diagram of the Human Heart. Majors chambers, arteries and veins are shown.

The first trial will involve 200 patients and begin in a few weeks at Royal Brompton Hospital. The question to be answered is whether or not increase in the SERCA2 protein can inprove the condition of patients with heart failure. This is called CUPID2 trial as named by the Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit.

Patients are being recruited this summer for the second trial. This research with focus on patients who presently are on mechanical pumps. The question is whether or not gene therapy can increase heart function for those who have (LVADs), Left Ventricle Assist Devices. Research has been going on for 20 years trying to find the right gene to reduce heart failure and improve quality of life for those afflicted. The attention on gene therapy to give us answers for many diseases in exploding. The next 10 years with be an interesting time in medical discoveries.

Diagram of the internal cut away section of the human heart. It shows major chambers, arteries, veins and valves. Arrows show the normal flow of blood with blue being deoxygenate and red oxygenated blood going to the body.

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Anatomy And Physiology Blog — Is Shingles Contagious?

Posted on April 21, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Anatomy and Physiology Blog reports on the misunderstood viral infection known as shingles. Known as the Herpes zoster virus that may have been contracted at a very young age, but remained dormant until it suddenly becomes active later on in life. Since shingles is a viral infection, the question is always asked, Is Shingles Contagious? Take a look at the videos below to get an idea of how this disease is transmitted, recognized and medically treated.

Shingles Explained by a Physician

Doctor Explains the Disease of Shingles

Women Discusses Her Experiences With Shingles.

My wife of 47 years has recently been diagnosed with Shingles. Last week she complained of needle like pain in an area of her back. Ignoring the pain as possible insect bites since she is an avid golfer, she dismissed the idea of anything serious until a small rash appeared on her back. Five days later she is covered with a massive red rash from the middle of her back around to her mid-section. The rash started as individual pimples, but have clustered to form a very ugly, uncomfortable looking mass. The rash however is only on the right side of her body. At times she has a fever, chills, extreme fatigue and generally feels crappy. The diagram below is typical of a patient who has the Shingles rash.

Rash Caused By The Herpes Zoster Virus Called Shingles

Shingles Can Occur Anywhere On The Body

Is Shingles Contagious?

The nurse has assured us that shingles is not contagious under normal circumstances, since it is related to chicken pox that a person might have had at a very young age. In my wife’s case she was 14 years old. Shingles is known as Herpes zoster and is caused by the same virus as chicken pox, the varicella zoster virus. After the chicken pox symptoms recede, the virus finds safe haven in the nerves of the our body. They do not die, but remain dormant and cause no symptoms. The virus may never reactivate, but when it does it is present as Shingles.

Researchers believe that the virus reactivates due to weakening of the immune system as we age. The virus may also reactivate when the immune system is weakened by stress, various ailments, or certain medications. The reactivated virus presents as the shingles rash that is painful scattered red lesions on the area of the skin that is associated with the infected nerve root. It is this characteristic feature, the rash confined to the nerve roots skin distribution that is the hallmark of shingles.

Dormant Chickenpox Virus Can Cause Shingles

In my wife’s case, she had the chicken pox in the past. The reactivation of that previous exposure led to her developing shingles. The varicella virus can be passed from someone with shingles to another person if that person comes in contact with the blistering rash. Shingles is not contagious before the blisters occur and is no longer contagious once the rash starts to scab. When someone is exposed to the varicella virus through a blistering shingles rash, the exposed person does not get shingles but rather is at risk for developing chicken pox! That is where it gets a bit confusing. But if you remember, shingles is the re-activation of the varicella virus, not the primary manifestation of the virus. So, No, you cannot get shingles from an infected person, but if you have not been immunized or exposed to the chicken pox virus you may be at risk for developing the chicken pox.

Varicella infections can cause birth defects in pregnant woman. Therefore, they should avoid anyone with chicken pox or shingles. About one million Americans contract Shingles each year. Half of those afflicted are 60 years and older. As many as one in three people will get shingles during their life time. One major disadvantage is issues may continue after the rash has long gone. One long term condition may be (PHN) postherpetic neuralgia. This is continued pain and discomfort long after the rash has disappeared. This could be weeks, months, or years. One in five patients have (PHN) after a shingles outbreak. The preferred medication for Shingles is Acyclovir, but PHN is treated with pain meds.

There is a vaccine for chicken pox that will eventually reduce the number of varicella viruses in our population, thus limiting Shingles Events. It is recommended that anyone over 60 who has had shingles in the past be vaccinated to discourage reactivation of the virus. The vaccine will not prevent shingles, but will greatly reduce it’s terrible symptoms and delay PHN. Dr. Arun Nagpaul is a contributing writer.

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Anatomy and Physioloogy Blog — Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Posted on March 25, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer is a relatively new treatment found in only a few clinics and hospitals in the United States. The University of Florida provides most of this treatment in the southeast USA. The therapy has advantages over traditional radiation treatment that are significant to the recovery of the patient. It can be used for several forms of cancer, but has been very effective in treating Prostate Cancer. If you watch the videos below you will get a better idea as to the risks involved, benefits and procedures.

About Proton Therapy

Proton Therapy For Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer Therapy Using Proton Technology

Proton Generating Machine to Treat Postate Cancer

Proton Therapy 300x219 Anatomy and Physioloogy Blog Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer

The number of patients choosing Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer is rapidly increasing. The reason is the reduced risk of side effects compared to traditional radiation treatment. The radiation beam is more precise. It targets and destroys only the cancer cells leaving healthy cells unharmed. There is low risk of incontinence, impotence and fatigue. Patients maintain a normal lifestyle during and after treatment. A recent study at the University of Florida among males 55 and younger expressed minimal complications in sexual or urinary function.

Proton Therapy by the Numbers:

98: Percentage of UF Proton Therapy Institute patients who would recommend our services to other patients.
2,700: Patients treated at UF Proton Therapy Institute since our 2006 opening.
93,000: Individual treatments delivered by the specialists at UF Proton Therapy Institute.
One: Proton therapy treatment center in the Southeastern United States: the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute stands alone.

The precision with which the protons attack cancer cells is the key to its popularity and success. The protons can be “pin-pointed” with higher dosages with little risk of damage to healthy tissue.

Prostate Cancer Proton therapy reduces side effects by pinpointing the radiation beam to only the cancerous tissue. Bladder and Rectum exposure to radiation is much less.

Diligently weigh your options for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Check out all your treatment options and decide on what is best for you. You will be surprised at the number of treatment possibilities. There is not a “one size fits all” answer.

Download a complete list of questions and answers about prostate cancer treatment with proton therapy.

Awareness Image for Prostate Canceer.

Why Are Healthcare Costs Exploding? See Proton Cancer Therapy…
Experts discuss proton therapy’s potential for breast cancer. These centers espouse the benefits of this treatment approach, and some include glowing testimonials from men who have undergone the treatment. So is proton therapy the “magic bullet” for prostate cancer?..
Is proton beam therapy for prostate cancer worth the cost?
Why Are Healthcare Costs Exploding? See Proton Cancer Therapy…
Experts discuss proton therapy’s potential for breast cancer
Prostate Cancer Blog – Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer » Blog

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Anatomy and Physiology Blog — Physical Therapy or Surgery?

Posted on March 19, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

The topic today is the decision to have knee physical therapy or surgery. A study has been recently completed and presented to the health community that gives some insight into this lingering problem. The videos with give you a brief review of knee anatomy and some common injuries that occur at this joint.

Basic Anatomy of the Knee and Common Injuries

Acupuncture may be an Alternative to Knee Therapy

Therapist Evaluates a Patient’s Knee Injury

Patient Does Therapy After Injury

Is surgery the best approach to treat knee injuries? Is physical therapy a viable alternative to more invasive procedures? A study has been done that compares patient recovery using both treatments. The results may surprise you and make you happy if you did not want to under go the knife. Researchers concluded that surgery does not always produce better results. Common knee injuries responded just as well from physical therapy as to surgery. The exceptions being severe trauma to the meniscus,where tears were too bad. Some people who started physical therapy with these injuries ended up having surgery. However, patients who had physical therapy six months or one year later had the same results or those who had arthroscopic procedures at the start.

“Both are very good choices. It would be quite reasonable to try physical therapy first because the chances are quite good that you’ll do quite well,” said one study leader, Dr. Jeffrey Katz, a joint specialist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

He was to discuss the study Tuesday at an American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons conference in Chicago. Results were published online by the New England Journal of Medicine.

A torn meniscus is quite common in people over 50. It is estimated that one-third of this age group have meniscus tears that require treatment. Arthritis further complicates the pain and discomfort for these patients and makes a diagnosis as to the cause more difficult. In the United States nearly a million knee surgeries are done each year for a torn meniscus.

Arthroscopic Surgery on a Knee Injury

The study involved 351 people from seven major orthopedic centers in the United States. These patients had meniscus tears and arthritis. They were assigned to get either the surgical procedure or physical therapy. The therapy was nine sessions in addition to exercises done at home. Six months later participants were evaluated on functional improvement and pain level. There was no significant difference is these groups. Some patients who were having physical therapy opted to have surgery before the six months, but ended up at the same degree of recovery as those who avoided surgery.

An Australian researcher from the University of Melbourne suggests that therapy should be the first “strategy” for knee treatment with surgery reserved for the extreme cases. It appears that many people are exposed to risks that might not produce significant benefits. Another consideration is the cost of surgery compared to physical therapy. Surgery is about 5 times costlier than therapy. Patients explain that the treatments involve stretching exercises, balancing and massage. Some people respond faster to this treatment than others depending on the severity of the injury.

Knee Exercises for Rehabilitation

Unless you are a “get fixed now” person, physical therapy may be your choice of treatment. Remember this study suggests that surgery does not speed up recovery time. It costs more and is riskier.

Credit to Lindsay Tanner/AP

Study looked at osteoarthritis patients in severe pain. Therapy as Good as Surgery for Some With Torn Knee Cartilage. TUESDAY, March 19 (HealthDay News) — Physical therapy is comparable to surgery in improving ……More at healthfinder.gov – Therapy as Good as Surgery for Some With Torn …More Reading

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Anatomy and Physiology Blog — New Liver Machine Works

Posted on March 19, 2013 by henry438

Anatomy and Physiology Blog — New LIver Machine Works

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

A new liver machine works. It has been developed and tested to sustain the viability of donated livers before transplants. The machine allows the liver to function normally outside both the donor’s body and the recipient’s body before it is surgically transplanted. Presently, transplanted livers are cooled with ice to slow metabolic processes to minimize tissue damage. This new machine allows the liver to function in the same way as in a human body. The main advantage is prolonged viability of the organ. The videos below discuss how it works and the advantages it will provide for patients and surgeons.

Video showing the new liver machine and how it works. It is expected to permit many more transplants each year.

Liver Transplant Surgery

Image of the liver showing its body positions

Anatomy and Physiology Blog New Liver Machine Works

Doctors at Oxford University have performed two liver transplant surgeries on patients who are doing remarkably well. The difference in the procedures from normal transplants was the preservation method of the organs before being transplanted. These patients were given livers that were nurtured by the new liver machine which keeps them totally functional before surgery. The present “icing” procedure can lead to damaged and dysfunctional livers that are not usable. The usual viability time for the “icing” organs is 14 hours.

Image of the new liver machine that inproves survivial rate among transplant patients.

13,000 transplants are done in the United States and Europe each year. However, 30,000 people are on the waiting list. Approximately 25% of those waiting will die before a liver is found. In addition, 2,000 or more of the available livers will be damaged during the “icing” process and not usable. So you can see a process that provides more livers with less damage would greatly increase the survival rate for liver disease. Those patients that are candidates for a transplant may have infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis from alcohol abuse and cholestasis (blockage of the bile duct). All of these problems may cause liver damage.

Researchers Coussios and Peter Friend of Oxford University point out that this is the first time a liver has remained completely functional before being transplanted. The new liver machine keeps the organ profused with blood for several hours limiting damage. These initial surgeries suggest that successful results can be achieved even after prolonged periods of time after removal from the donor. This means that the number of viable livers for transplantation could double.

“If we can introduce technology like this into everyday practice, it could be a real, bona fide game changer for transplantation as we know it,” said Nigel Heaton, director of transplant surgery at KCH and part of the team that carried out the first two transplants using the device.

Coussios and Friend have been developing the technology since 1994. OrganOx is a spin-off company of Oxford University and the primary motivator for the system. They plan a study of 20 liver transplant patients at Kings College Hospital (KCH) in London before they apply for marketing authority. The OrganOx system could be approved and used in transplant surgeries as soon as 2014.

Credit to Kate Kelland, Science Correspondent

The new technology, developed over 20 years by engineers at Oxford University, keeps the liver “warm” by circulating red blood cells through its capillaries. Once on the machine, the liver functions as it would inside a human …… More Reading

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What Are Polyps?

Posted on March 3, 2013 by henry438

What Are Polyps and Where Do They Grow?

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

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Colorectal Cancer Surgeon’s Song

What are Polyps and where do they grow? Polyps are fleshly growths that can grow in various places of the body, but commonly refer to growths in the colon. If not removed they can potentially become malignant. Colorectal cancer still ranks high in frequency among cancer patients. The Colorectal Surgeon’s Song is a light hearted spoof about those physcians to deal with this disease daily and save thousands of lives. The second video presents information that everyone should know about colorectal cancer and colorectal cancer month.

News report on Colorectal Cancer Month

Colon Cancer and Polyps Grow in Any Area of the Large Intestine

Digestive Tract Where Polyps Grow and develop into cancer

The second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States in Colorectal Cancer. This is cancer of the colon or rectum. The good news is it can be effectively treated, even in the later stages. Experts point out some important things to know about this form of cancer that may save your life. Keep a healthy colon and look for warning signs.

1. Screening is important – get screened for polyps. Most colorectal cancer develops from precancerous lumps called polyps. They can be removed before they turn cancerous. An amazing statistic is 6 out of 10 cancer deaths could be prevented after the age of 50 if regular screening was done. If irregularities are found screening should be done every three to five years. If not, screening could be done at less frequent intervals. Family history may dictate screening before the age of 50. The simple truth is this cancer can be prevented if detected early enough. It takes 10 years for a polyp to become cancerous. Remove it before the transition and the cure is yours. Polyp removal is the key to avoiding colorectal cancer so get screened at all ages.

2. Colonoscopy is the best Screening Method. This procedure involves the insertion of a thin tube with a light and camera on it into the rectum and colon. I know it sounds like something you never want to have done, but believe it or not the procedure is painless. You are sedated throughout the whole process. Yippee! The colonoscope has the capabilities of removing polyps or other irregularities at the time of the screening. The uncomfortable side of the process is the cleansing of the colon 24 hrs before the screening. This is done by drinking a liquid that stimulates bowel movements. Thankfully this is done in the privacy of your own home. Overall, colonoscopies are not that bad.

The Colonoscopy Path Through The Large Intestine To Check for Polyps and Signs of Cancer

3. Tell Your Doctor If You Have Any of These Symptoms — Don’t Die because you are embarrassed to talk about them with you doctor. It is always unsettling if you see blood in your stool, but he needs to know. Tell him if the shape of your stool changes or you have diarrhea / constipation for long periods of time. Weight change is also a sign of bowel abnormalities. The problem is cancer can be present without these overt symptoms. This is why colonoscopy screening is necessary to ensure a healthy, functional colon.

4. Be Aware of Your Risks for Colorectal Cancer and take them Seriously. Everyone can get colon cancer at any age or ethnic origin. However, it seems most conditions are diagnosed in people over the age of 50 and most deadly in minority populations. If colon cancer is prevalent in your family this should turn on a light bulb of concern. This increases your risks. Lynch Syndrome is a colon disorder that runs in families and can progress into cancer at a much earlier age. so early diagnosis by a simple blood test is imperative. Experts suggest that live style can increase your risks of colon cancer. Are you in these high risk groups?

diet high in red meat
low fiber diet
smoker
alcohol consumer
overweight or obese
lack of exercise

If your life style places you in any of these groups consider a change. Do it for yourself and for your loved ones. If you have never been screened for colon cancer, run to your doctor, don’t walk.

Colorectal Cancer Awareness Ribbon

ABC News’ chief health and medical correspondent Dr. Richard Besser held a tweet chat Monday to raise awareness on how to prevent and treat colon and rectal cancer.

Click here to read a transcript of the chat.

What is colorectal cancer? Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum (end of the colon). In 2011 there were 460 new cases of colorectal cancer and 150 colon cancer ……More at March is Colorectal Cancer Awareness | Avera Story Center

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daVinci Robotics Surgery

Posted on February 22, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Da Vinci Robotics Surgery is a revolutionary procedure performed in many hospitals in the world. Surgery that was once done by the surgeon’s hands is now assisted by robotic arms. The surgeon is always in control, but the actual anatomical procedure is performed by the Da Vinci Robot. The videos will introduce to you the capabilities of this instrument and how it will change and has changed the nature of modern day surgery.

da Vinci Robotic Surgical System Demonstration

Robotic Prostate Surgery

Microscopic Robotic Surgery

This report will discuss the most frequently asked questions about robotic surgery.

1. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is surgery performed through small incisions. The benefit is fewer complications, less blood loss, shorter recovery times, lower costs and reduced trauma to the patients.

2. A new way of doing MIS is needed because present laparoscopic surgery has been limited to a few special procedures. The limitations of present techniques is inherent in the technology of the instruments. Present laparoscopy is limited in most cases to standard video and rigid instruments. Very delicate surgery such as prostatectomies and heart valve replacement is risky.

3. The benefits of Robotic Surgery over traditional surgery is significant. Surgeons point to increased range of motion, dexterity, more visibility and improved access to the surgical site. These benefits to the patient translate into a greater chance of survival and recovery. There are fewer transfusions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, less risk of infections and less scaring.

4. The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System may provide the vehicle for very delicate procedures such as cardiac repair and sensitive anatomical areas complicated with vast numbers of nerve fibers.

5. The da Vinci Robot is being used worldwide. Major centers in the United States, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Australia and Turkey have realized the benefits of this technology and it has become fairly routine protocol.

6. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of the da Vinci Robotic System for a wide range of surgical procedures. Please see the FDA Clearance page for approved uses.

7. If your insurance covers minimally invasive surgeries the da Vinci should be covered since it is placed in this category. Medicare may also provide coverage. It is best to call your insurance carriers for specific information and approval.

8. Robotic surgery will never replace the surgeon. The da Vinci can not be programed, not can it move without specific input from the doctor. The robot enhances the movements of the doctor in real time, but cannot make decisions on its own. This permits minimally invasive surgery to be done in very delicate areas and conditions. The surgeon sees very delicate tissues in high resolution images. He can manipulate miniature, wristed arms through small incisions to perform amazing procedures.

9. The surgeon can determine force feedback to a certain degree. This is enhanced by the high resolution 3D images. Delicate procedures that are now being done with da Vinci are general, urological, gynecological, thoracic, and cardiac issues. Tens of thousands have been performed.

9. The da Vinci Robotic System is named in honor of Leonardo da Vince since he first invented a robot. He also had a keen eye for anatomical detail as can be seen in his masterpieces.

Well Trained Medical Staff Performs Robotic Surgeries Using Advanced Technology

The fact is a robot will never replace the intellect and knowledge of a human surgeon. It will never make life and death decisions in the world of modern medicine. However, it can enhance the proficiency of our talented doctors and thus benefit the patients in their care.

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Older Mom Pregnancy Risks

Posted on February 19, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Older Mom Pregnancy Risks are always a concern for parents who have chosen to delay having a family beyond the ideal time frame. This time frame is generally related to the age of the expectant mother. I decided to write a report on the risk factors that a women may face as she becomes older. We live in an age where women pursue careers that often times delays having children. This time lapse is not without its health risks to both mother and infant.

What Are the Risks of Pregnancy for Women over the age of 35 ?

Possible Risks for a Normal Pregnancy Increase with the Womens’s Age

Miscarriage Risks Increase as Mom Gets Older

High risk pregnancies require special facilities and treatment for proper care of mom and baby. Older moms, large families and heavy women are factors that increase risk for normal pregnancies. Dr Annette Bond at Greenwich Hospital explains

While a woman in her late thirties or early forties is considered young by many standards, when it comes to reproduction, she is considered high-risk,”

Dr. Bond says that along with the growing number of first-time “older” moms, she is also seeing a shift toward larger families, with women in their 40s having their third or fourth child. Other factors for a high-risk pregnancy include multiple miscarriages, carrying multiples such as twins or triplets, high blood pressure, diabetes, lupus and obesity, which is more common in older mothers.

Multiple Births are more common in older moms

Perinatolgy is a medical specialty that cares for mother and unborn babies that are considered hig risk. Todays medicine provides less invasive diagnostic procedures to detect complications in pregnancies and includes a simple blood test. Special blood tests can be done that often times detects chromosome problems before amniocentesis. This can be as early as ten weeks of gestation. Other blood tests monitor the health of the placenta. 3D and 4D sonograms offer doctors and parents visual images early in development. These images can be made into a video to further monitor growth and development.

Severe genetic defects such as Down Syndrome, Spina Bifida and and Fetal Lung Maturity are all Possibilities

Fetal – Maternal medical teams often consist of many specialists. Perintologists, neonatalists, sonagraphers and nurse educators are all part of the care and treatment for mothers and infants at risk. Some facilities offter Neonatal Intensive Care uits to provide for severely sick infants. I have personal experience with the NIC unit at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, Ny. My grandson was a patient there for 8 weeks when he was born premature. Without their expert care he would not be the very healthy boy he is today.

So the question becomes. Can a women over 35 have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby? The answer from Dr. James B. Mammel, a board – certified obstetrician and gynecologist at Watson Clinic, Lakeland Fl. is a resounding “Absolutely”.

More and more women are choosing to have children later in life, and most of them will have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies

To ensure a healthy pregnancy is to Plan and Be Prepared.

1. Be at your best – be in shape and at your healthy weight when you get pregnant.

2. See your doctor before you get pregnant.

3. Seek good prenatal care

4.Make health a habit.

Follow these suggestions and potential risks can be greatly diminished. Expectations for a healthy family have never been better and are improving every day.

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1. Gestational Diabetes

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Sister Blog — www.smartnuvisions.com Discusses infant and adolescent medical issues, diseases and disorders. Parenting is a common concern.

Gestational Diabetes

Posted on February 6, 2013 by henry438

Welcome to Learn Human Anatomy and Physiology Blog. This website discusses a variety of topics about the human body. At times you will find information on human anatomy or physiology of vital organs, systems and glands. Often times posts are directed toward new research of serious diseases and disorders. We keep up to date on clinical trial results and give important information on their progress. Much research is being done in all medical fields that will have a lasting impact on our quality of life and particularly our grandchildren. Posts are written with the health professional in mind as well as the parent or person who has limited knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Many times health issues become ethical issues. Topics such as: stem cell research, abortion, baby boxes, surgical harm and “never events” are discussed that generate emotional responses in many readers.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is condition of temporary high sugar level in pregnant women. Research shows that what pregnant women eat during pregnancy has as impact on her and the baby. A high carbohydrate diet could bring on the condition of GDM. Know about your anatomy and physiology as it relates to healthy fetal development to avoid unhealthy diets that could have unwanted consequences for your baby. Watch the video for an introduction to Gestational Diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes Explained — Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is also called GDM

Gestational Diabetes

If mom eats too many carbohydrates, she is in danger of high sugar levels and triggering high insulin concentrations. This scenario can lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Excessive weight gain is also common. The table below shows who is at a greatest risk for Gestational Diabetes.

Risk Factors for Developing GDM

Pregnancy brings on many changes in a women’s body. These changes are all designed to accommodate a healthy growing fetus. Hormones from the endocrine system go on a rampage to protect the fetal development and mom’s body makes the necessary changes. However, if her system is overloaded with sugar to the point where her pancreas does not produce enough insulin to balance the surplus, she may get Gestational Diabetes. This could also lead to Type II diabetes after the baby is born.

Studies show that 50%-60% of the women who get pregnant are already over weight. Those women who have a BMI (body mass index) of 30 or more and have a family history of diabetes are at greater risk for GDM. The common test is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) where the patient drinks a syrupy liquid and her glucose level determined after one hour. A follow up test is the 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test where glucose level is determined after each hour for 3 hours. If glucose is higher than normal in two of the tests, the patient is diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes.

The risks to the baby include high birth weight, premature delivery and shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia presents a problem for natural passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Shoulder Dystocia may cause difficulty for normal child birth

The risks of GDM are serious and should be monitored during pregnancy. Your best defense is to eat a well balanced diet of fruits, vegatables, good fats, protein and high fiber carbs. Get your exercise and eat healty for the sake of both you and the baby.

Attribution to Dr. Carrie Jones, EmpowHer

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Sister Blog — http://smartnuvisions.com This is a Medical blog discussing infant and adolescent diseases, disorders and medical issues. Parenting is often a topic of concern.